نشریه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1399)

Competition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribution of power structure, and the other actors were marginalized. After Georgia and Ukraine crises, Russia began new balancing with the United States, but, it has not the power and influence of previous years and cannot balance directly with the United States, so it has turned to indirect opposition. In this soft balancing, Russia considers the states like Islamic Republic of Iran which have anti-hegemonic approach in their foreign policy. This consideration is caused to this question: what is the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States of America? This article investigates the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States. This article has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method.

The Middle East is a strategic area of crisis areas, due to its particular political geography and the national interests of big powers, has always been a challenge and tension. Since Iran is in this region and national security is the most important demand of a state-country with an important data selection, we can predict the crisis in this region. Information and data is the most important tool of analysis, which can analyze some events and crises in this article, better to the data that helps us to predict crisis in the region, which include the movement's position. Political in the Middle East and its dependence on one of the great powers, political geography, national interests of the powers and the position of these big powers in the current international relations such as the data are striking, as well as the political and legal structure and some theories of international relations and conventions between International is among the data that is effective in predicting crisis in the region, we have used this important data from international law and other knowledge related to political science.

Problem statement:

Political discourses have an important role in forming the political.Competitions,instractions and conflicts in different countries.This effect,specially in multinational and full of political and cultural discourses countries is very considerable.Turkey is one of the important and effective countries in the Middle East which is faced by different discourse competitions.In this regard,it seems that studying the trend of discourse interactions in this country in form of cooperation and conflict is an effective and essential research.

The current work aims to study discourse conflict and cooperation in turkey during1990-2016using mouffe and lacal's discourse method.

Therefor,Islamist discourse,Seculars(kemalists and laics)and also, some microdiscourses such as kurds can be considered as the most important active discourses in political area in this country.This study is important for the current research when Islamic discourse in 1990s is strongly offered in turkey's political area and in some periods.it become a hegemonic discourse.Additionly,taking power of justice and development party as a maderate party and tendency to Islamic discourses has complicated the nature of discourse conflict and cooperation in this country.

In this research,the purpose of this study is to use a descriptive-analytical method and a library method of data collection,Examine the competitions of political Islam and secularism in Turkey.

Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was an unexpected event. The main purpose of this article is to examine Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East. The main question of this article is: What are the determining factors and components of US foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question, various factors of US foreign policy in the Middle East have been examined. The research findings show that the theory of aggressive realism, while fundamental-theoretical in nature, has a practical nature. This theory has given a good answer to the behavior of the actors of the international system. According to the study, Trump's foreign policy seeks to maintain its position in the region and prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon that could destabilize the balance of power and challenge US hegemony in the world. This study is theoretical-fundamental and has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library resources.

The parliamentary oversight in Turkey's 2017 referendum has been dramatically weakened after the conditions for the constitutional change were introduced. These reforms were one of the longstanding goals of the " Edalat & Toseeh" party, by its founder, Tayyip Erdoğan. The National Movement Opposition Party also agreed to these reforms. These reforms included the establishment of a presidential system in place of the current parliamentary system, the abolition of the post of prime minister, the increase of parliament seats from 550 to 600, and amendments to the High Council of Judges and prosecutors. This descriptive and analytical research, written in the field and its findings, shows that, basically, the circle of presidential powers is so widespread and the power of the parliamentarians in the constitution is so weakened that they can, in certain circumstances, ; The function of the ministry, the president and even the judiciary has been tightened up and questioned, and the strong integration of the three forces has intensified in this country. Therefore, it can be argued that after the referendum, parliamentary oversight has been severely undermined. Therefore, it can be argued that after the referendum, parliamentary oversight has been severely undermined.

The end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era for the European Union in Central Asia the ,, law and respect for human rights. The present study, based on the SOWT model and using descriptive-analytical methods, examines the opportunities and threats of the European Union in the Central Asian region. The main question of this research is what opportunities and threats does the EU's presence in Central Asia pose to this EU? According to this question, the two-part hypothesis of the research is: A) Opportunity: Central Asia's need for investment at various levels and high capacities of the European Union will lead to the presence of this union in the region and the achievement of its political and economic goals; B) Threat: The EU's overemphasis on liberal goals and the promotion of democracy and human rights in Central Asia will fail the EU to achieve its goals. The results of the study show that on the one hand, the EU's great attention to European values and on the other hand, the lack of unity on human rights issues in the EU have led to threats for the EU.